The Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, co-developed by Aussie legend Professor Ian Frazer, and first administered in Australia on 29 August 2006, is now provided for free to all 12 to 13 year old Australian children as part of the National HPV Vaccination Program.

The link between the virus infection and cervical cancer was first suggested by Australian pathologist Dr Colin Laverty in 1978, but it was another twenty years before Professor Frazer and his partner Dr Jian Zhou would go on to develop Gardasil, the HPV vaccine used globally today.

One in two of us will be infected with HPV in our lifetime. What’s worse is that HPV causes more than 70 percent of all cervical cancer cases (as well as increasing the risk of vulva, penile, anal, and throat cancers).

The recent review of the HPV vaccine has found that since 2006, with more than 187 million doses administered across 130 countries, the number of new cases of cervical cancer in women has halved and the number of HPV infections has fallen by as much as 90% in some areas.

“Observations from over the past 10 years are that the HPV vaccines, if delivered effectively to the majority of 10-12 year-old-girls in the developing world from today forward, should lead to the global elimination of new cervical and other HPV associated cancers by 2050,” Professor Frazer said.

Read more about how Australia has led the fight against cervical cancer here.

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Heart disease is the number one killer of Australian women – claiming the lives of twenty-four women a day – and is responsible for one in eight premature deaths in women.

Pathology has an important role in helping keep women’s hearts healthy and in diagnosing and treating women with heart conditions.

Cardiology specialist Associate Professor Clara Chow told us; “A range of tests are used to assess women’s heart disease risk and tests also help in monitoring progress and treatment targets.”

One in three Australian adult women has high cholesterol and a worrying ninety percent of these women are not aware of their condition. What’s more, only one in nine women aged 30-65 know that high cholesterol is a risk factor for heart disease. This is why the Heart Foundation is so concerned about raising awareness of heart health among women and encouraging them to learn more about risk factors and to talk to their doctor about testing.

So, what tests are used in a regular heart health check?

A/Prof Chow said; “A full lipid profile is key, i.e; not just total cholesterol, but LDL-cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides and the ratio of these. It’s important to also assess for diabetes with screening tests including glucose and HbA1C as well as looking at renal function – in terms of creatinine and eGFR.”

The new approach to lipids testing which no longer requires patients to fast for eight hours before having their blood taken for testing is good news for heart health as it makes testing easier for patients.

In terms of diagnosis and treatment, pathology is vital. A/Prof Chow said, “Pathology tests help in assessing whether there is an acute problem. Sensitive cardiac troponin tests, for example, are often used to diagnose whether chest pain is part of an acute coronary syndrome.”

High sensitivity troponin is effective in diagnosing heart attacks in women that might otherwise have been missed. This test is used extensively in Australian hospitals for people who present to emergency departments with chest pain.

The test measures the level of the protein troponin in the patient’s blood which is released by the heart muscle during a heart attack.

Fifty Australian women have a heart attack each day, and eleven of these will be fatal. Women often experience the lesser known symptoms such as pain in the jaw, shoulder, neck and back. When a woman experiences a heart attack, the level of troponin in her blood may be lower than the typical range for a man which is why a high sensitivity test is helpful in detecting it.

Diagnosing a heart attack quickly means patients can be given the best treatment.

According to the recent Economic Value of Pathology report, troponin testing can help to manage down the $167 million a year spent on people who present to emergency departments with chest pain.

A/Prof Chow said pathology allows doctors to find out more about related conditions as causes for heart problems:

“In patients with known coronary heart disease or those with heart failure there may be other tests that can help. These vary between patients but one example would be for a female patient with a new presentation of heart failure, we might do thyroid function tests and iron studies as these may help us understand what could be causing her condition.”

The Heart Foundation has succeeded in raising women’s awareness of heart disease as the leading cause of death in women, from 20% in 2008 to 35% in 2015. They are now striving to spread the message even further and reach a target of 50% by December 2017.

Learn more about the campaign here

Associate Professor Clara Chow is Associate Professor with the Faculty of Medicine University of Sydney, Director of the Cardiovascular division of The George Institute, and Program Director, Community Based Cardiac Services, Westmead Hospital.

The post Making the Invisible Visible – pathology protects women’s heart health first appeared on Know Pathology Know Healthcare.